世界胃肠病学组织全球指南
2019.03
杜丽君 译 戴宁 审校
浙江大学医学院附属邵逸夫医院
WGO 审查小组
Juan Malagelada (主席, 西班牙)
Nalini Guda (联合主席, 美国)
Khean-Lee Goh (马来西亚)
Thilo Hackert (德国)
Peter Layer (德国)
Xavier Molero (西班牙)
Stephen Pandol (美国)
Masao Tanaka (日本)
Muhammed Umar (巴基斯坦)
Anton LeMair (新西兰)
(点击展开区段)
* 当病变位于胰腺体尾部,如果怀疑恶性肿瘤,则可能无法进行FNA,这是由于沿FNA路径传播的风险可能无法通过后续手术解决。在体尾部病变的患者中,胃不能被切除,而在胰头有病变的患者中,十二指肠可在手术时被切除。
WGO分级管理:根据可用资源的等级处理风险和疾病的一系列诊断、治疗和管理选择。
WGO指南和分级管理旨在强调适用于所有地区的恰当的、与当地环境和资源相适应的治疗方案,无论这些地区是“发展中的”、“半发达的”还是“发达的”。 WGO分级管理提供的方案不仅仅包括资源优先的考量,可能还包括成本效益因素,患者意愿以及设备,技能和专业知识的可用性。
大多数无症状的偶发囊肿,是在资源丰富的国家因评估与胰腺疾病不一定相关的症状而行影像学检查后诊断出来的。以亚太地区为例,最近来自韩国和日本的两篇论文都报道了无症状囊肿的患病率分别为2.2%和3.5%[1,2]。在资源匮乏的国家,大多数诊断都是通过手术或尸检来确定的。
因此,本指南的作者不使用传统的“分级管理”模式,而是根据当前的证据提出建议。我们了解到并非所有的资源都可以在任何地方使用,并且,应该在与患者讨论恶性肿瘤风险、可用资源和成本后再作出明智的决定。
本指南旨在为全世界的医生提供一种合理的、最新的胰腺囊性病变治疗方法。由于相关的诊断和治疗资源在世界不同地区分布并不均一,因此,这些指南应根据当地的资源和患者的意愿合理使用。
“胰腺囊性病变”是一个传统的术语,指胰腺中含有液体的明确病变。大多数小病灶是在进行扫描以评估非胰腺相关的指征或症状时偶然发现的。胰腺囊肿的病因是多种多样的,它们可能是炎症性的或创伤后的,也可能病因未明。虽然大多数小病灶是良性的,但有些病灶可能发展为恶性肿瘤,因此,需要进一步的检查、监测和治疗。因此,有必要获得详细的病史,并根据需要通过适当的检查判断病变的性质,以评估恶变的风险。由于仅根据临床和形态学特征无法可靠地将潜在的恶性病变与良性病变区分开来,因此,可能需要进一步的评估和/或监测。
胰腺癌前囊性病变包括黏液性囊性肿瘤和导管内乳头状黏液瘤。如上所述,一些胰腺囊性病变可能演变为胰腺腺癌[3]。
由于胰腺导管腺癌(PDAC)和假乳头状瘤很少表现为囊性病变,因此,本指南不涉及它们。
胰腺假性囊肿,缺乏明确的囊肿壁,通常发生在有胰腺炎或外伤史的患者。假性囊肿是良性的,除非它们有症状,通常不需要任何干预就能自行消退;它们不是当前指南的主题。然而,重要的是要确保病变实际上是一个假性囊肿,而不是一个真正的胰腺囊肿。虽然良性或明显恶性病变的治疗不那么模糊,但对不确定风险或中等风险病变的治疗尚不清楚,该指南有望为适当的诊断和治疗提供指导。
胰腺囊肿通常没有症状,并且通常是良性的,但也有恶性潜能。
胰腺囊性病变可分为:
胰腺囊性肿瘤可能具有恶性潜能,包括MCN和IPMN。也可能没有恶性潜能,包括浆液性囊性肿瘤(SCN)。良性囊性病变可保守治疗,而具有恶性潜能的囊肿则需要手术干预[4]。
表2列出了世界卫生组织(WHO)胰腺囊肿的组织学分类,其中还包括实性假乳头状肿瘤。
病变来源—与前体病变的治疗有关:
来源于导管内乳头状黏液瘤(IPMN)进展
来源于黏液性囊性肿瘤(MCN)进展
许多人都同意IPMN和PanIN的主要区别在于大小:PanIN病变是小叶内胰管内出现的微小扁平或乳头状病变,通常大小小于5mm,很少形成囊性结构,通常在横截面成像或EUS上无法检测到。Maire等人[14]试图将纳入人群的EUS表现与组织病理学联系起来。当病灶大于10 mm时,IPMN为首选诊断,小于10 mm时,宜用“扩张侧支”。对于0.5-1cm之间病变的组织学特征还有疑惑。分子、遗传或表观遗传标记可能有助于区分PanIN和IPMN[3,14]。
以下特别强调在鉴别诊断中需要考虑的常见且容易混淆的疾病
大多数胰腺囊肿是无症状的,是在因不相关的症状或原因而进行的影像学检查中偶然发现的。在少数病例中,最初可能是由于症状性囊肿而表现为急性胰腺炎、出血、黄疸或可触及的肿块。在世界上没有先进的诊断成像技术或采用更严格诊断标准的地区,胰腺囊性病变可能在晚期才被发现,但这通常意味着更大的囊性肿块或已进展为肿瘤。
在有症状的囊肿患者中,疼痛是最常见的表现。除外胰腺炎后假性囊肿,疼痛可能提醒医生恶性肿瘤的可能性更大,恶性肿瘤的风险可能与症状的持续时间有关[15,16]。其它症状包括黄疸、恶心和继发于胃压迫的呕吐,或继发于十二指肠腔外源性压迫的胃出口梗阻。
MCN患者也可能出现疼痛、腹部肿块或体重减轻,这些症状可能在诊断前已经存在多年[17]。然而,大多数MCN是在其它无症状患者的横断面影像上发现的。
患者访谈:病史和背景
与特定类型囊肿相关的可能的临床表现:值得注意的是,大多数胰腺囊肿患者无症状。
世界各地偶然发现囊肿的患者越来越多,这就需要进一步完善影像学检查的建议[6,8]。
由于缺乏良好的自然病史数据,很少有发表的长期随访数据的研究,并且可能存在偏倚,因大多数报告来自专门治疗胰胆疾病的中心,因此,胰腺囊肿的治疗仍然存在问题。
不断发展的技术,如分子分析(分子标记、基因检测)和一线检测结果(细胞学、影像学和囊液生化学),可能比目前的诊断检测方法更准确地确定胰腺囊肿的恶性潜能[20]。然而,到目前为止,并不是所有可用的技术都常规地包含在临床实践中。
胰腺囊性病变患者必须评估其敏感性:
通常,具有简单特征的小病变(<2 cm)仅需相对有限的诊断评估,并且可以通过观察和随访进行处理。而在疾病谱的另一端,具有明显实性成分或导管扩张特征的大病变应进行及时手术,以避免迂回和昂贵的检查。
疾病谱中间部分是那些最可能需要仔细,深入评估的病变,因为手术会带来很高的发病率和死亡风险。
5.2.1 实验室检查
目前尚无用于评估胰腺囊性病变的血清学检测方法。在恶性囊性病变中血清CA-19-9可能升高,而在伴发胰腺炎的症状性囊肿中观察到淀粉酶和脂肪酶水平升高。 请参阅表4和表5。
5.2.2 影像学检查
影像学检查是为了更好地获得囊肿的特征。因此,所使用的方法取决于检测所述病变的初始影像学方法。.
如果资源有限,评估胰腺囊肿的最佳选择是CT。
胰腺CT检查方案:
磁共振胰胆管造影(MRCP)方案:
超声内镜(EUS)准确度高,并且:
内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP):
5.2.3 活检—囊液分析
EUS引导下的FNA
细针穿刺可在EUS指导下进行,以进行细胞学评估和囊液引流,以区分浆液性和黏液性病变。在条件许可情况下,与CT或超声引导的经皮穿刺相比,EUS引导的FNA是首选方法。
细胞学,涂片
囊液分析。抽吸液体时,根据抽吸量,建议按照所述顺序进行以下测试:
评估以下风险特征有助于在观察与手术方案之间做出决策。具有这些危险因素中至少两个的患者发生胰腺恶性肿瘤的几率约为15%:
此外,由于癌前病变可能是多灶性的,因肿瘤性病变行部分胰腺切除术后残余胰腺仍然可能发生恶性肿瘤。根据Lafemina等人的研究,IPMN患者胰腺其它部位发生浸润性癌的风险为2.8%[39]。
手术的风险可能很大,有2%的死亡风险和高达40%的发病风险,应将这些风险与相对于上述特征评估的恶性肿瘤风险进行权衡。应始终考虑患者的年龄和合并症,因为它们是至关重要的危险因素。
6.1.1 专科医生评估适应证
胰腺囊肿通常是在评估非特异性腹部或非胃肠道症状而进行的横断面影像学检查中偶然发现的。在此初始发现阶段,全科医生,内科医生或外科医生可能承担评估病情的主要责任。
小(<2cm)且无明显恶性征象的单纯囊肿可能不需要专科医生会诊,按先前详述的间隔时间观察是合适的。
如果诊断可靠,可以通过观察和监测进行评估、管理和随访。
浆液性囊腺瘤均属良性。然而,黏液性病变被认为是癌前病变。在诊断时大于3cm的病变时,恶性肿瘤的风险似乎更高,因此建议手术治疗。较小的病变可监测随访。
不幸的是,术前可靠区分浆液性和黏液性病变的能力有限。在一些研究中,传统的放射学研究,如CT或超声,仅能对10-15%的病变进行准确的分类。此外,囊肿壁常有部分脱落,因此,即使是术中活检也不可靠。表7列出了高风险征象和报警征。
随访时囊肿大小和生长速度可作为手术切除的指标。如果在MRI/MRCP上没有报警征[41], 则首先在1年后复查,再在2年后复查。
在胰腺囊性癌前病变患者的监测方式上存在差异。来自Choi等人[46] 的系统回顾和荟萃分析提示,低风险IPMN(无主胰管受累或壁结节)进展为癌症的发病率3年为1.4%,5年为3.1%,10年为7.7%。具有某些风险特征的IPMN发病率增加:3年为5.7%,5年为9.7%,10年为24.7%。作者建议继续对所有类型的IPMN进行长期监测[46]。
7.3.1 国际指南
2018 Gut. European evidence-based guidelines on pancreatic cystic neoplasms [29]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5890653/
2018 Am J Gastroenterol. ACG clinical guideline: diagnosis and management of pancreatic cysts [49].
2017 J Am Coll Radiol. Management of incidental pancreatic cysts: a white paper of the ACR Incidental Findings Committee [50]. Available from: https://www.jacr.org/article/S1546-1440(17)30318-6/fulltext
2017 Pancreatology. Revisions of international consensus Fukuoka guidelines for the management of IPMN of the pancreas [40].
2015 Gastroenterology. AGA guidelines for the management of pancreatic cysts [43].
2015 World J Gastroenterol. International guidelines for the management of pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms [51]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4566378/
2015 Ann Transl Med [Internet]. International consensus on the management of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas [45]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4671873/
2013 Dig Liver Dis. European experts consensus statement on cystic tumours of the pancreas [52].
2012 Pancreatology. International consensus guidelines 2012 for the management of IPMN and MCN of the pancreas [8].
2006 Pancreatology. International consensus guidelines for management of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms and mucinous cystic neoplasms of the pancreas [53].
7.3.2 地区和其它指南
2015 J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. Revised Japanese guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis 2015: revised concepts and updated points [54].
2015 Gastroenterology. American Gastroenterological Association technical review on the diagnosis and management of asymptomatic neoplastic pancreatic cysts [55].
2015 Gastroenterology. AGA Institute guideline on the diagnosis and management of asymptomatic neoplastic pancreatic cysts [41].
2015 Gastroenterology. AGA guidelines for the management of pancreatic cysts [43].
2015 Ann Oncol. Cancer of the pancreas: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up [56].
2015 Am J Gastroenterol. ACG clinical guideline: genetic testing and management of hereditary gastrointestinal cancer syndromes [57].
2014 Saudi Med J. Saudi Oncology Society clinical management guideline series. Pancreatic cancer [58].
2014 RöFo. S3 guideline for chronic pancreatitis—diagnosis, classification and therapy for the radiologist [59].
2014 Pancreas. American Pancreatic Association practice guidelines in chronic pancreatitis: evidence-based report on diagnostic guidelines [60].
2014 Jpn J Clin Oncol. EBM-based clinical guidelines for pancreatic cancer (2013) issued by the Japan Pancreas Society: a synopsis [61].
2014 Dig Liver Dis. Italian consensus guidelines for the diagnostic work-up and follow-up of cystic pancreatic neoplasms [62].
2014 Diagn Cytopathol. Utilization of ancillary studies in the cytologic diagnosis of biliary and pancreatic lesions: the Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology guidelines for pancreatobiliary cytology [63].
2014 Diagn Cytopathol. Postbrushing and fine-needle aspiration biopsy follow-up and treatment options for patients with pancreatobiliary lesions: the Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology guidelines [64].
2014 Diagn Cytopathol. Standardized terminology and nomenclature for pancreatobiliary cytology: the Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology guidelines [65].
2014 Cancer Cytopathol. Guidelines for pancreaticobiliary cytology from the Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology: a review [66].
2013 Am J Gastroenterol. American College of Gastroenterology guideline: management of acute pancreatitis [67].
2012 J Natl Compr Canc Netw. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma, version 2.2012: featured updates to the NCCN Guidelines [68].
2012 Ann Oncol. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma: ESMO-ESDO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up [69].
2008 Ann Oncol. Neuroendocrine gastro-entero-pancreatic tumors: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up [70].
2005 Ann Surg Oncol. Treatment guidelines for branch duct type intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas: when can we operate or observe? [71].
2004 Gastrointest Endosc. ASGE guideline: The role of endoscopy in the diagnosis and the management of cystic lesions and inflammatory fluid collections of the pancreas [72].
Am J Surg Pathol. An illustrated consensus on the classification of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms [73].
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